Narrativas escolares de las estudiantes desplazadas por el conflicto armado en Colombia

(analítico) El desplazamiento forzado en Colombia ha sido una realidad compleja que ha generado la vulneración sistemática de los derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes. Este estudio, enmarcado en el paradigma cualitativo, analizó el currículo vivenciado a partir de las narrativas construidas con 14 estudiantes desplazadas por el conflicto armado, pertenecientes a una institución educativa de Medellín (Colombia). Los métodos de recolección empleados fueron entrevistas semi-estructuradas, diarios personales y fotografías. Se presentan las inter-secciones que se establecen con la escuela, entendida como escenario de y para la construcción de paz, concluyendo en la pertinencia de las propuestas educativas flexibles. Este análisis, hilado desde una perspectiva de género, visibiliza otros modos de existir en la escuela, contribuyendo a la resignificación del currículo para la permanencia de las estudiantes que fueron desplazadas.

(analytical) Forced displacement in Colombia has been a complex reality that has led to the systematic violation of the rights of children and adolescents. This is a qualitative study that analyzed the curriculum in school in Medellin (Colombia) through the narratives constructed with 14 female students displaced by the armed conflict. Semi-structured interviews, personal diaries and photographs were used to gather data. The intersections established with the school as a scenario of and for peace building are presented and the relevance of flexible educational proposals is highlighted. This analysis, carried out using a gender perspective, highlights other modes of existence in the school and also contributes to the re-definition of the school curriculum as a determinant in the permanence of displaced students.

(analítico) A deslocação forçada na Colômbia tem sido uma realidade complexa que tem conduzido à violação sistemática dos direitos das crianças e dos adolescentes. Este estudo, estruturado no paradigma qualitativo, analisou o currículo vivido a partir das narrativas construídas com 14 estudantes desloca-das pelo conflito armado, pertencentes a uma instituição educacional em Medellín (Colômbia). Os métodos de coleta utilizados foram entrevistas semi-estruturadas, diários pessoais e fotografias. São expostas às interseções estabelecidas com a escola, entendidas como um cenário de e para a cons-trução da paz, concluindo sobre a relevância de propostas educacionais flexíveis. Esta análise, fiada a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero, torna visíveis outras formas de existir na escola, contribuindo para a re-significação do currículo para a permanência das alunas que foram deslocadas.

NEED FOR IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS REGARDING MENSTRUAL HYGIENE AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH: A STUDY FROM URBANIZED VILLAGES OF NORTH INDIA

Context: In India nearly 71% of adolescent girls have no knowledge about menstruation until menarche. Menstrual practices still face several social, cultural, and religious restrictions and discouragement of open discussion on the topic acts like a major deterrent in the path of menstrual hygiene management. Moreover, lack of knowledge and incorrect practices during menstruation can sometimes have serious health outcomes. Hence, it becomes imperative to ascertain the knowledge of adolescent girls about menstruation and reproductive health and the practices adopted by them during menstruation so that health education programs can to tailored to address the gaps. The study Aims: aims to assess the knowledge of adolescent girls and their current practices with regard to menstrual hygiene and reproductive health and study the association of these with socio-demographic variables. This cross-sectional community based Methods: descriptive study was conducted among 181 adolescent girls selected from two urbanized villages of Meerut district of India using a semi-structured questionnaire. For assessment of level of knowledge a scoring system was developed. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for analysis. Based on the scoring, 77.3% of our study participants had overall poor Results: knowledge about menstruation and reproductive health, nearly 20% had satisfactory knowledge and only 2.2% had good knowledge. Most participants reported using sanitary napkins during menses (80.7%) and the remaining were using clean cloth (19.3%). 100% of the participants whose mothers were illiterate had poor knowledge about menstrual hygiene and reproductive health. Participants whose mothers were engaged in semi-skilled or skilled work were more likely to have satisfactory (39.4%) or good (4.3%) knowledge scores. Overall knowledge of our study participants regarding Conclusion: menstrual hygiene and reproductive health was poor; however the practices adopted by them during menstruation were good. The two main impediments in the path of menstrual hygiene management were lack of knowledge and non availability of services at affordable cost

Aspectos bioéticos del aborto terapéutico en niñas y adolescentes menores de 15 años

El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y discutir los argumentos científicos y bioéticos que justifiquen el aborto terapéutico en niñas y adolescentes menores de 15 años. Para ello se hizo búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática en fuentes nacionales y extranjeras en las diferentes indexadoras. Se encontró que existe suficiente evidencia de carácter científico que identifica al embarazo no intencional en niñas y adolescentes menores de 15 años como una urgencia médica y de alto riesgo por las diferentes complicaciones severas que se pueden dar y argumentos de carácter bioético en favor del aborto terapéutico. En conclusión, las evidencias científicas y los argumentos bioéticos sustentan suficientemente la atención del aborto terapéutico en niñas y adolescentes menores de 15 años.

The objective of this paper is to identify and discuss the scientific and bioethical arguments that justify therapeutic abortion in girls and adolescents under 15 years of age. For this purpose, a non-systematic bibliographic search was made in national and foreign sources in the different indexers. It was found that there is sufficient scientific evidence that identifies unintended pregnancy in girls and adolescents under 15 years of age as a medical emergency and of high risk due to the different severe complications that can occur and bioethical arguments in favor of therapeutic abortion. In conclusion, scientific evidence and bioethical arguments sufficiently support therapeutic abortion care for girls and adolescents under 15 years of age.

PROBLEMS FACED BY KGBV TEACHERS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH

KGBV is playing a tremendous role in increasing Girl's education in India. The role of the teachers working in various KGBVs is very vital in providing quality education to the students studying in these institutions. Therefore, the problems faced by them should be identified in time and be addressed properly. As all of us know that educated girls are the weapons who yield positive impacts on our day today society through their contribution at home and professional fields. There are number of reasons of backwardness of our economy in the society as well. This papers deals with the problems faced by KGBV teachers of East Siang district of Arunachal Pradesh.

"Enganchando los puntos en común": Afectos y regulación del género en programas de inclusión social juvenil en Buenos Aires, Argentina / "Hooking the things in common": Affects and gender regulation in youth social inclusion programs in Buenos Aires, Argentina / "Ligando os pontos comuns": Afetos e regulação de gênero em programas de inclusão social de juventude em Buenos Aires, Argentina

Resumen En este artículo exploro la dimensión afectiva implicada en procesos participativos orquestados por programas de inclusión social juvenil destinadas a jóvenes mujeres de sectores populares urbanos en Buenos Aires. A partir del análisis etnográfico repongo cómo aquellos procesos participativos, organizados en torno a repertorios afectivos vinculados principalmente al dolor, el malestar, la indignación y la solidaridad configuran un ejercicio de gobierno del género. Para ello, analizo las propuestas de trabajo institucionales centradas en que las destinatarias construyan "proyectos de vida" autónomos a partir de su participación. También las respuestas de las jóvenes a la producción afectiva orientada a la construcción de un futuro demandada por los programas como clave para su inclusión social.

Abstract In this paper I explore the affective dimension involved in the participatory processes orchestrated by youth social inclusion programs aimed at young poor women in urban Buenos Aires. Through an ethnographic analysis, I examine how those processes, organized around affective repertoires linked mainly to emotions like pain, discomfort, indignation, and solidarity, embody an exercise of gender government. For this purpose, on the one side I analyze the institutional proposal aimed at young women building autonomous "life projects" as a result of their participation in the programs. Also, I inquire into the young women's responses to the affective production that is aimed at building themselves a future, which is regarded as key by the programs in order to reach their social inclusion.

Resumo Neste artigo exploro a dimensão afetiva envolvida nos processos participativos orquestrados por programas de inclusão social juvenil dirigidos a mulheres jovens de setores populares urbanos de Buenos Aires. Com base na análise etnográfica, explico como esses processos participativos, organizados em torno de repertórios afetivos ligados principalmente à dor, ao desconforto, à indignação e à solidariedade, configuram um exercício de governo de género. Para isso, analiso as propostas de trabalho institucional focadas na construção de "projetos de vida" autônomos pelos destinatários a partir de sua participação nos programas. Também as respostas das jovens à produção afetiva orientada para a construção de um futuro e exigido pelos programas como chave para a sua inclusão social.

Impacts of aerobics and cheerleading on high school students / Impactos da ginástica aeróbica e liderança de torcida em estudantes do ensino médio / Impactos de la gimnasia aeróbica y las animadoras en los estudiantes de secundaria

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aerobic gymnastics and cheerleading are two sports most high school students are familiar with. Cheerleading is a relatively new sport. Few academic studies are comparing the effects of aerobic training with cheerleading on changes in the fitness of female students in high school. Objective: This paper explores the impacts on fitness by comparing aerobic training and cheerleading in high school girls. Methods: 90 female high school students were selected by random sampling. The three groups of volunteers had their physical fitness measured before and after the test. The research analyzes the obtained data by employing mathematical statistics. Results: The content of protein, muscle, and inorganic salts in the aerobics group and cheerleading group was significantly higher than in the control group, and the obesity rate was significantly lower than the control group in both intervention groups. The percentage of protein, muscle, and lipid in the cheerleading group was the best among the three groups. Conclusion: Both cheerleading and aerobics can improve the physical quality of high school girls. Cheerleading had a good effect on improving physical fitness due to its wide range of movements. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Ginástica aeróbica e liderança de torcida são dois esportes que a maioria dos estudantes do ensino médio conhecem. A liderança de torcida é um esporte relativamente novo. Há poucos estudos acadêmicos comparando os efeitos do treino aeróbico com a liderança de torcida referentes às alterações na condição física das alunas no ensino médio. Objetivo: Este artigo explora os impactos na aptidão física comparando o treino aeróbico e a liderança de torcida em jovens do ensino médio. Métodos: Selecionou-se 90 alunas do ensino médio por amostragem aleatória. Os três grupos de voluntárias tiveram sua aptidão física medida antes e depois do teste. A pesquisa analisa os dados obtidos empregando estatísticas matemáticas. Resultados: O conteúdo de proteínas, músculos e sais inorgânicos no grupo de aeróbica e no grupo líder de torcida foi significativamente maior do que no grupo controle, sendo taxa de obesidade significativamente menor ao grupo controle nos dois grupos de intervenção. O percentual proteico, muscular e lipídico no grupo dos líderes de torcida foi a melhor entre os três grupos. Conclusão: Tanto a liderança de torcida quanto a aeróbica podem melhorar a qualidade física das meninas do ensino médio. As líderes de torcida obtiveram um bom efeito na melhoria da aptidão física devido sua ampla gama de movimentos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La gimnasia aeróbica y las animadoras son dos deportes con los que la mayoría de los estudiantes de secundaria están familiarizados. Las animadoras representan un deporte relativamente nuevo. Hay pocos estudios académicos que comparen los efectos del entrenamiento aeróbico con el de las animadoras en relación con los cambios en la forma física de las estudiantes de secundaria. Objetivo: Este trabajo explora los impactos en la aptitud física comparando el entrenamiento aeróbico y las animadoras en chicas de secundaria. Métodos: Se seleccionaron 90 alumnas de secundaria por muestreo aleatorio. A los tres grupos de voluntarios se les midió su estado físico antes y después de la prueba. La investigación analiza los datos obtenidos empleando estadísticas matemáticas. Resultados: El contenido de proteínas, músculo y sales inorgánicas en el grupo de aeróbic y en el grupo de animadoras fue significativamente mayor que en el grupo de control, y la tasa de obesidad fue significativamente menor a la del grupo de control en ambos grupos de intervención. El porcentaje de proteínas, músculo y lípidos en el grupo de animadoras fue el mejor entre los tres grupos. Conclusión: Tanto las animadoras como el aeróbic pueden mejorar la calidad física de las chicas de secundaria. Las animadoras obtienen un buen efecto en la mejora de la condición física debido a su amplia gama de movimientos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls

Abstract Introduction Prior studies have found inconsistent results regarding the relationship between vitamin D status and Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty (ICPP). Objective To assess the role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 [OH]D) levels in ICPP development. Method The authors retrospectively collected data from 221 girls with ICPP and 144 healthy girls between January 2017 and December 2019. The participants' serum 25(OH)D levels were measured using an automatic chemiluminescence method, and the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and the risk of ICPP was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Odds Ratios (OR) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were calculated as effect estimates. Results Serum 25(OH)D levels in the ICPP group were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that girls with insufficient vitamin D levels (OR = 0.201; 95% CI 0.094-0.428; p < 0.001) and sufficient vitamin D levels (OR = 0.141; 95% CI 0.053-0.375; p < 0.001) both had a lower risk of ICPP than girls with vitamin D deficiency. Moreover, the authors found that the height (p = 0.014), weight (p = 0.014), breast stage (p = 0.010), mother's height (p < 0.001), and luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio (p = 0.010) in girls with ICPP could be associated with levels of vitamin D. Conclusion This study found that a low serum 25(OH)D level is an independent risk factor for ICPP, and several characteristics of girls with ICPP could be affected by their vitamin D status.

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge of Anaemic Adolescent Girls, Uttarakhand

@#Introduction: Anaemia in India is still a point of concern when it comes to adolescent girls. Adolescent girls are more prone to develop anaemia if they lack knowledge on how to manage the menace of anaemia in adolescence. The study was conducted to identify the prevalence of anaemia in adolescent girls and assess the effectiveness of teaching program on knowledge regarding prevention of anaemia in adolescent girls. Methods: The study was conducted in two phases. First phase adopted exploratory survey design and second phase involved one group pre-test post-test design. The sample consisted of 400 adolescent girls (13 – 15) years studying in rural schools of Haldwani block, Uttarakhand. Results: The study results revealed that about 90 (22.5%) adolescent girls were anaemic. Maximum 64 (71%) adolescent girls had average knowledge regarding anaemia and its prevention. There was 11% enhancement in the level of knowledge of anaemic adolescent girls post administration of teaching program and was significant at 0.05 level. Conclusion: The present study found that there was significant enhancement in the level of knowledge of adolescent girls in the post-test. Thus, it emphasizes the need to educate the adolescent girls regarding dietary choices they make so that it may help in reducing prevalence of anaemia in later ages of life in young girls of India.

Bem-estar na escola e percepção da discriminação de gênero por meninas / School well-being and perception of gender discrimination by girls / Bienestar en la escuela y percepción de la discriminación de género por las niñas

Este artigo analisa, a partir da pesquisa "Ser Menina no Brasil", o bem-estar na escola e a (pouca) percepção da discriminação de gênero por meninas de 6 a 14 anos. Foram utilizados os dados quantitativos da Amostra-Escola, que envolve 1.609 meninas, de 21 municípios brasileiros, referente à dimensão "Escola e Escolarização" e que aponta a percepção das meninas sobre a frequência às aulas, os motivos de faltar à escola, os níveis de aprovação e reprovação, a interrupção dos estudos, os motivos de expulsão, as tarefas escolares, as relações de gênero no contexto escolar e a satisfação e bemestar na escola. A análise indicou uma percepção favorável ao bem-estar na escola e relações de gênero benéficas para as meninas. Estudos assim devem focar o contexto educativo, o qual possibilita a inserção e a construção de um lugar de pertencimento e a ruptura com uma cultura de desigualdade social que ainda mascara a exclusão. (AU)

This article analyzes, from the research "Being Girl in Brazil", the welfare in the school and the (low) perception of the gender discrimination by girls of 6 to 14 years. We used the quantitative data of the School-Sample, involving 1,609 girls from 21 Brazilian municipalities, referring to the "School and Schooling" dimension and which points out the girls perception about the attendance at school, reasons for missing school, levels of approval and disapproval, interruption of studies, reasons for expulsion, school tasks, gender relations in the school context, and school satisfaction and well-being. The analysis indicated a favorable perception of well-being in school and gender relations beneficial to girls. Such studies should focus on the educational context, which enables the insertion and construction of a place of belonging and the rupture with a culture of social inequality that still masks exclusion. (AU)

Este artículo analiza, a partir de la investigación "Ser niña en Brasil", el bienestar en la escuela y la (poca) percepción de la discriminación de género por niñas de 6 a 14 años. Hemos utilizado los datos cuantitativos de la Muestra-Escuela, que involucra a 1.609 niñas, de 21 municipios brasileños, referente a la dimensión "Escuela y Escolarización" y que apunta la percepción de las niñas sobre la frecuencia a las clases, los motivos de faltar a la escuela, los niveles de aprobación y reprobación, la interrupción de los estudios, los motivos de expulsión, las tareas escolares, las relaciones de género en el contexto escolar y la satisfacción y bienestar en la escuela. El análisis indicó una percepción favorable al bienestar en la escuela y relaciones de géneros beneficiosos para las niñas. Los estudios así deben enfocar el contexto educativo, lo cual posibilita la inserción y la construcción de un lugar de pertenencia y la ruptura con una cultura de desigualdad social que aún enmascara la exclusión. (AU)

Sexismo y tríada oscura de la personalidad en adolescentes: el rol mediador de la desconexión moral / Sexism and dark triad of personality on adolescents: the mediator role of moral disengagement

Resumen Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud indica que es necesario eliminar los valores, las actitudes y los estereotipos basados en el género que afectan la salud y el bienestar de las niñas y mujeres en el mundo. Desde la psicología de la personalidad, algunos trabajos científicos han demostrado que rasgos como la triada oscura de la personalidad (maquiavelismo, psicopatía y narcisismo) y la desconexión moral aumentan la susceptibilidad al sesgo de género, la amenaza y la agresión interpersonal. Como contribución al diseño de un perfil personológico propenso a aceptar y justificar las actitudes sexistas, el objetivo principal de este trabajo fue estudiar el rol mediador de la desconexión moral entre la triada oscura de la personalidad y el sexismo ambivalente en adolescentes. Método: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 803 adolescentes (M = 15.33, DT = 0.99; 50.3% chicos) tras utilizar un muestreo por conveniencia para realizar un análisis de la varianza y la comparación de varios modelos mediacionales a partir de la técnica de bootstrapping. Resultados: Los rasgos de la triada oscura de la personalidad se relacionan directa y significativamente con el sexismo hostil y benevolente de los/as adolescentes, y la desconexión moral tiene un efecto mediador importante en esta relación. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se discute cómo trabajar la desconexión moral para la transformación de estas creencias y actitudes de género que perpetúan la discriminación hacia las adolescentes en programas de prevención.

Abstract Introduction: The World Health Organization indicates that gender-based values, attitudes and stereotypes that affect the health and well-being of girls and women around the world need to be eliminated. From personality psychology, scientific studies have shown that traits such as the dark personality triad (Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism) and moral disengagement increase susceptibility to gender bias, threat, and interpersonal aggression. As a contribution to the design of a personological profile prone to accept and justify sexist attitudes, the main aim of this paper was to study the mediating role of moral disengagement between the dark personality triad and ambivalent sexism in a sample of adolescents. Methods: The sample consisted of 803 adolescents (M = 15.33, SD = 0.99; 50.3% boys) using convenience sampling to assess ambivalent sexism, dark personality triad and moral disengagement. An analysis of variance and comparison of various mediational models was carried out using the bootstrapping technique. Results: The dark personality triad traits are directly and significantly related to adolescents' hostile and benevolent sexism, and that moral disengagement has a relevant mediating effect on this relationship. Conclusions: Finally, the implications of these findings for the transformation of these gendered beliefs and attitudes that perpetuate discrimination against girls and women are discussed in relation with prevention programs.

Diagnóstico do autismo em meninas: Revisão sistemática / Diagnosis of autism in girls: Systematic review

O Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento, com diferentes etiologias, presente em ambos os gêneros. O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender sobre o diagnóstico do TEA em meninas por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Os descritores utilizados: TEA no sexo feminino; autismo em meninas; diagnóstico do autismo em meninas; diagnóstico do autismo e diagnóstico do TEA, nas bases de dados SciELO, Google Acadêmico e LILACS nos últimos 10 anos (2012-2021). Os resultados mostraram que, dos 20 estudos analisados, 50% confirmam o subdiagnóstico no gênero feminino e 40% desses estudos mencionam o diagnóstico tardio. Em relação à sintomatologia por gênero, 45% dos meninos apresentam comportamentos repetitivos e estereotipados, 25% das meninas apresentam dificuldade sociocomunicativa. Os instrumentos mais utilizados na avaliação do TEA são: ADOS, ADIR, M-CHAT. Os resultados mostraram que os sinais do TEA nas meninas são muitas vezes camuflados, passando despercebidos, contribuindo com o subdiagnóstico ou diagnóstico tardio.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, with different etiologies, present in both genders. The objective of this study was to understand the diagnosis of ASD in girls through a systematic review. The descriptors used: ASD in females; autism in girls; diagnosis of autism in girls; diagnosis of autism and diagnosis of ASD, in the SciELO, Google Academic, and LILACS databases on the last 10 years (2012-2021). The results showed that of the 20 studies analyzed, 50% confirmed the underdiagnosis in feminine gender and 40% of these studies mentioned late diagnosis. In relation to the symptoms by gender, 45% of the boys have repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, 25% of the girls have socio-communicative difficulties. The most used instruments in the assessment of ASD are: ADOS, ADIR, M-CHAT. The results showed that the signs of ASD in girls are many times camouflaged, it is going unnoticed, contributing to underdiagnosis or late diagnosis.

Anemia Control Program in India Needs to be More Comprehensive

Iron?deficiency anemia has continued to remain high in India. It is possibly due to relying on only iron–folic acid (IFA) supplementation through Anemia Control Program (ACP) that is National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI). Based on the WHO’s recommendations, we studied different interventions that can help to increase the effectiveness of NIPI such as Vitamin C supplementation with IFA, low?dose iron (LDI) with intensified health education (IHE), LDI with Vitamin C, and iron?rich food items to increase hemoglobin (Hb%) among adolescent girls through public–private partnership named Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram. Increments in Hb after 12 weeks of interventions were compared with that of control groups one with NIPI and the other without any intervention. Highest increment in Hb% was observed in IFA under NIPI plus Vitamin C group, followed by LDI plus IHE group which was comparable to Hb increment in only the NIPI group. It emphasizes the need of making existing NIPI more stringent and comprehensive by integrating effective measures based on up?to?date scientific knowledge.

Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health of Adolescent Girls in Semi-urban area of Maharashtra, India

Background: Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious pandemic that has recently emerged. Preventive steps made to curb the spread have far-reaching consequences across all sectors and age groups. Adolescents are the most silent victims. They are not unconcerned about the COVID-19 Pandemic's severe psychological impact. Fears, uncertainty, significant changes in their routines, physical and social isolation, and a high level of parental stress affect them. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of the COVID- 19 pandemic on mental health of adolescent girls. Methodology: Data was collected through an online survey during the month of June and July 2021. In this study, 228 participants were included. The impact of the Corona virus pandemic on participants' mental health was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Result: The study showed that most of the adolescent girls were feeling stressful due to not able to go to school (75%), not able to meet friends (56%) and confined in a house during COVID-19 pandemic. 66% girls showed fear of corona infection, 50% girls were worried, 35% were showed anxiety whereas 25% girls showed restlessness and fear of death due to COVID-19. Conclusion: The findings imply that during the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescent girls are more concerned about government constraints aimed at preventing the virus's spread, and that these concerns are linked to higher anxiety, fear, restlessness, and worry. To avoid the situation from worsening, more research and support should be done.

Efectos de la pandemia COVID-19 en la salud mental infanto-juvenil: revisión bibliográfica / Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents: a bibliographic review

Introducción: la pandemia COVID-19 es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, la cual ha generado cambios sin precedentes en la vida de las personas a nivel mundial por medio del confinamiento, cierre de escuelas, dificultades socioeconómicas y estrés familiar. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer los efectos de la pandemia en niñas, niños y adolescentes a nivel mundial y cómo afecta en la salud mental de dicha población. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica con búsqueda en PUBMED y Google Académico de artículos relacionados con efectos de la pandemia en la salud mental infanto-juvenil, en español e inglés entre los años 2020 y 2022. Resultados: se encontró mayor cantidad de artículos de habla inglesa y de metodología cualitativa con temas de alta relevancia, tales como: el aislamiento, soledad y cambio en hábitos de niñas, niños y adolescentes asociados al confinamiento y cierre de escuelas. También se mencionan los efectos en la salud mental, siendo la ansiedad y la depresión los trastornos más prevalentes junto al agravamiento de condiciones preexistentes como el trastorno de espectro autista (TEA) y por trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) entre otras. El confinamiento probablemente llevó a que las familias se encontraran mayor tiempo juntas en casa, pero también expuestas a estrés económico, relacional y en poder sobrellevar responsabilidades laborales, escolares y hogareñas, asociándose este estrés en ocasiones a situaciones de violencia y maltrato. En cuanto a la sintomatología, ésta se diferenció por edad y género, observando mayor severidad en mujeres adolescentes y adolescentes de género diverso. Conclusiones: la ansiedad y la depresión aparecen como los trastornos más prevalentes en población infanto-juvenil, estos resultados permiten poder dirigir políticas públicas en poblaciones de riesgo específicas, medidas a largo plazo y tomar decisiones basadas en evidencia respecto de futuros confinamientos o cierre de escuelas.

Introduction: Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic, an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has generated unprecedented changes in people's lives due to the lockdowns, the closure of schools, socio-economic difficulties, and family stress. The goal of this study is to get to know the effects of the pandemic on boys, girls, and adolescents around the world, and how it has affected their men-tal health. Methods: Search in PUBMED and Google Scholar for articles in Spanish and English between 2020 and 2022, related to the effects of the pandemic on the mental health of children and adolescents. Results: The author found more articles in English, that used qualitative methodologies covering high-impact issues, such as isolation, loneliness, and changes in habits of children and adolescents, associated with lockdowns and school closures. Effects on mental health are also mentioned, with anxiety and depression being the most prevalent disorders. In contrast, a worsening of preexisting conditions like autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and other conditions were also mentioned. The confinement probably led to families spending more time together at home. However, they also faced economic and relational stress, while juggling work, school, and household responsibilities, which led to situations of violence and abuse. Meanwhile, the symptomology was differentiated by age and gender, observing more severe mental health difficulties in adolescent women and gender-diverse adolescents. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression appear as the most prevalent disorders in infant-juvenile mental health. These results allow focusing public policies on specific at-risk populations, measured in the long term, and to make decisions based on evidence for future lockdowns and school closures

Effect of structured lecture on the knowledge and practices of menstrual health in adolescent girls of urban slum

Background: Menstruation is natural physiological processes. Psychosocial and religious taboos around it make it complicated as health issue. Poor menstrual health is not only associated with health and well?being of women, but also reflects on morbidity and mortality patterns of female population. Aim and Objectives: The study aims to assess the effect of a structured lecture on the knowledge and awareness about practices of menstrual health in adolescent girls of urban slum. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls of slum area in Aurangabad city of Maharashtra. Pre-structured Questionnaire to assess the knowledge and practices about menstruation and menstrual hygiene was given. Structured lecture was organized and postlecture questionnaire was taken. Results: 72% were in age group of 10–14 years and mean age of menarche was 12.7 years. Before lecture 64% had poor awareness about hygienic menstrual practices, 24% had fair, 12% had good awareness. But after the lecture, the majority of girls, that is, 56% showed good awareness, 30% had fair while 14% girls still showed the poor awareness. This difference was found statistically significant. The reasons behind the unhygienic practices most commonly quoted were poverty, high cost of sanitary pads, ignorance and lack of privacy. Conclusion: If perception and attitude of adolescent girls toward menstrual hygiene is improved then it will definitely enhance their reproductive health. Moreover, awareness created among them will indirectly affect their mother’s reproductive health and their next female generation as well.

Does India’s Menstrual Hygiene Management Scheme exclude the disabled?

The Menstrual Hygiene Scheme of the Government of India wishes to generate awareness among adolescent girls, and provide them with hygienic and affordable sanitary napkins. The scheme has been criticised for many reasons by various reviewers. However, we draw attention to a hitherto unaddressed gap that the scheme has effectively overlooked, the menstrual hygiene needs of disabled adolescent girls, and has thereby denied them their right to health and healthcare. This exacerbates health disparities, and raises questions of public health ethics. We conclude with recommendations on how to redress the situation and make the scheme more inclusive.

Effectiveness of Health Education in Improving Menstrual Hygiene Knowledge and Practices among Adolescent Girls of Rural India

Introduction : Menstruation is still surrounded by many myths, misconceptions and taboos. Adolescent girls in India, seems to have inadequate and inaccurate knowledge on menstruation and its hygiene. Improper menstrual hygiene can lead to reproductive tract infections which can adversely affect a woman's reproductive health. This study was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of health education in improving the knowledge on menstruation and menstrual hygiene practice among rural adolescent girls of India. Method: An interventional study was done among 82 college girls selected by convenient sampling in a rural area of Tamilnadu, India. Intervention done was health education on menstrual physiology and hygiene practice using animated video and interactive session in local language. Questionnaire on knowledge about menstruation and menstrual hygiene practice was administered to the participants before health education session. Improvement in knowledge and practice was assessed after one month of the session. Results: Baseline knowledge about menstruation was adequate only for 57.5 percent of participants. Baseline menstrual hygiene practice was good only among 8.8 percent of participants. Following health education, knowledge about menstruation significantly improved to 90%. Menstrual hygiene practice also showed a significant improvement from 8.8% to 30 percent%. Conclusion: This study showed that providing a comprehensive health education on menstrual physiology and hygiene would greatly improve the menstrual hygiene practice of adolescent girls.

Comparative Study Of Carrying Angle Between Dominant And Non-Dominant Limb In Normal Young Girls

Background:The angle subtended by the long axis of the arm and the long axis of forearm in the frontal plane when the elbow is fully extended and the forearm is supinated. Normal degree of Carrying angle is 5 ?-15 ? but in females it is varies on 5 ?-18 ?. The apparent difference in gender may be because of increased joint laxity in females permitting a greater degree of extension. Comparative study of carrying angle between dominant and non-dominant limb in normal young girls. This study aimed comparison of between dominant and non-dominant limb data obtained by clinical method in 18 –20 years normal young girls.Material And Methods:Carrying angle was measured in 141 students of girls in manual method with goniometer.Result:In girls carrying angle dominant limbwas greater than non-dominant limb in girls.Conclusion:The study we conducted there is no significance difference in carrying angle among females in both dominant and non-dominant limb in young girls.

Education for peace and coexistence without violence. A proposal at the basic level from Narrative Therapy / Educación para la paz y convivencia sin violencia. una propuesta en el nivel básico desde la terapia narrativa

RESUMEN Este artículo contribuye a las investigaciones y propuestas de intervención cualitativas para mejorar la convivencia y fomentar la paz a través de una metodología emergente que muestra la terapia narrativa. Se partió de un diagnóstico realizado en una escuela primaria de la ciudad de Guadalajara (Jalisco) que cuenta con 340 alumnos, entre 6 y 12 años, donde se evidencia la violencia en dicho plantel, detectada mediante estadística simple, narrativas y dibujos. Efectuamos una propuesta de intervención a partir de un modelo que sugiere la terapia narrativa, denominado "el árbol de la vida", que permitió a niñas y niños tomar un sentido de pertenencia al convivir en paz, manifestando experiencias pedagógicas que promuevan el concepto de comunidad educativa incluyente con valores humanos y esperanzadora, tan necesaria en estos tiempos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue dar cuenta de que educar para la paz y la convivencia es una construcción que se realiza en nuestra vida cotidiana y que la escuela es un espacio ideal para tomar conciencia cultivar y crear desde temprana edad una sociedad constructora de culturas de paz.

ABSTRACT This article supports qualitative research and intervention proposals to improve coexistence and promote peace through an emerging methodology that shows narrative therapy. It was based on a diagnosis made in a primary school in the city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, which has 340 students, between 6 and 12 years old, where violence is evidenced in said campus, detected through simple statistics, narratives and drawings. We made an intervention proposal based on a model that suggests narrative therapy called "the tree of life" that allowed girls and boys to take a sense of belonging by living together in peace, manifesting pedagogical experiences that promote the concept of an inclusive educational community with human and hopeful values, so necessary in these times. The objective of this research was to realize that educating for peace and coexistence is a construction that takes place in our daily lives and that the school is an ideal space, to become aware of cultivating and creating from an early age, a construction society of cultures of peace.

Eye screening can be used to perform anemia screening and treatment in adolescent girls using ToucHb

Purpose: Anemia is common in adolescent girls. Apprehension while drawing blood to estimate hemoglobin concentration is a barrier for confirming anemia. ToucHb, a noninvasive instrument that estimates the hemoglobin by taking an image of the exposed conjunctiva, was used during eye screening to help diagnose and treat anemia. Methods: ToucHb was used during secondary school eye screening and during house?to?house eye screening to estimate the hemoglobin concentration in the body. Each of the girls was distributed a packet of 60 tablets of ferrous and folate and a tablet of albendazole. They were followed up after 3 months. Results: Exactly 1511 municipal school girls aged 10?19 years (mean 12.9; standard deviation [SD] 1.64) were examined. Of them, 949 (62.8%) had hemoglobin of ?9 mg%. Among those girls with hemoglobin ?9 mg%, the mean (SD) during the initial and follow?up examinations was 6.1 (1.4) and 9.6 (1.03), respectively, by paired t?test (P < 0.001). Another 588 girls (average age 14.4 years, SD 1.2) had their eyes examined and hemoglobin estimated during a house?to?house eye screening. Of them, 116 (19.7%) had hemoglobin level of ?9 mg%. Their pre?Hb was 7.9 (SD 1.05) on average and after 3 months, it was 9.6 (SD 1.02). Among those girls with hemoglobin ?9 mg%, the mean (SD) during the initial and follow?up examinations was 6.2 (1.4) and 7.9 (1.1), respectively, by paired t?test (P < 0.001). Conclusion: ToucHb was useful to diagnose anemia while doing eye screening and to ensure its treatment. Anemia diagnosis and management would enhance the health of adolescent girls.